How is the life-saving skill of a car at a crucial moment?
Run fast enough to stand still I do not know if you still remember that many years of joint-venture models on the trunk lid had a wave of their own technology selling points. These today's we seem to have some habitual technology, in the past are worthy of show off the capital, which includes ABS, EBD, ESC (ESP) and so on. Many years ago, the label of imported vehicles was not uncommon among domestically produced products under 100,000 yuan. In the course of daily use, we rarely feel their existence. It is because they protect the safety of you and your car silently. It's hard to say that they are the life-saving skills of the key moments. Let us Learn how these magical techniques are made. ■Run fast enough to stand still - wheels anti-lock In the normal driving environment and in the absence of accidents, it is difficult to realize that ABS and ESC functions play a role. Therefore, we have to release their true power to the professional venues. The wide and small test field is a good choice. With the inclusion of various test areas that simulate actual road conditions and harsher simulations of road conditions than reality, these active safety systems have been able to flex their muscles. How can ABS help you become an "old driver"? Referring to the active safety system, we may first think of the wheel anti-lock brake system. Although we all today enjoy the safety protection it brings, its development path is not easy. In the early years, subject to the limitations of the electrical system R&D capability, it was very difficult to detect the change in wheel speed and the preconditions for starting the ABS system. In that era without integrated circuits and computers, it was almost impossible to achieve an agile response with any mechanical device. Today, the wheel anti-lock system, abbreviated as ABS, is a household name. It has been recognized as one of the top three inventions that have contributed the most to the safety of automobiles, in addition to seat belts and air bags. Because it permanently changes the emergency braking, the vehicle's handling stability. Compared with the old driver, the ABS system responds more quickly. The data shows that the ECU can control the actuator to complete 60-120 braking actions within one second after receiving the information fed back from the wheel speed sensor. The old driver of the hundred battles is better. Of course, the problem has also arisen. We all know that the range of cars that normally weigh between 1 and 3 tons is actually only the tires, and the grounding area of ​​the tires is similar to that of adult palms. Therefore, under the condition that the tire is not changed, the change of ground adhesion will directly affect the braking effect. The higher the adhesion, the shorter the braking distance, and the opposite will be the increase in the braking distance. The problem that the ABS system encounters is how to ensure the shortest braking distance on different adhesion roads, and the wheels cannot be locked. During the test process, engineers will use the tester to read the vehicle deceleration data for different conditions, such as full load, half load, and no-load, and at the same time will adjust the data and experience the tester in the closed ABS system. The data of manual operation braking is compared. Only when the braking effect is better than the manual brake several times, can it be determined that the calibration meets the standard. During vehicle braking from high adhesion to low adhesion road surface, the ECU will change the hydraulic pressure in the brake circuit through the wheel speed sensor to obtain information on the changes in the road surface, thus avoiding the locking situation, and the tester will also read Take the vehicle deceleration recovery time in order to maximize the use of ice adhesion and reduce the locking situation. Conversely, during the braking process from low adhesion to high adhesion road surface, the system will raise the oil pressure accordingly, increase the vehicle deceleration, and reduce the braking distance with high adhesion ground. During the testing process, engineers collect multiple sets of data such as vehicle speed and wheel speed for correlation analysis. By comparing with standard data, you can know whether the wheels are locked or not. Braking deceleration and braking distance are just a part of the huge tests. In addition, the engineers subjectively judge the braking quality, including the details of the pedal vibration feedback, the sound of the solenoid valve working under pressure and pressure relief, and other details. The judgement. How does EBD work? Of course, the effect of vehicle braking will also be affected by many factors, such as full braking, the center of gravity of the vehicle will shift from back to front. Affected by this, the load on the front wheels will increase accordingly, the grip on the rear wheels will be reduced, and the rear wheels will easily lock up. Therefore, another active safety technology based on the ABS system was born. It is the Electronic Brake force Distribution (EBD). The reason for the “nodding†condition is that the brake calipers of all four wheels of the vehicle will move to stop the vehicle during braking. However, due to variations in the road surface conditions and the shift of the vehicle's center of gravity during deceleration, the four wheels and the ground The grip will be different. The traditional braking system will distribute the brake master cylinder's power to four wheels on average. Such distribution will reduce the braking effect due to the shift of the center of gravity, and the birth of the EBD system is to improve the occurrence of this situation. As mentioned earlier, EBD is based on ABS. To be precise, it is to add a control software to the ABS control computer. The mechanical system is completely consistent with ABS. It is only an effective supplement to the ABS system. It is generally used in combination with ABS to improve the efficiency of ABS. When an emergency brake occurs, EBD can automatically compare the slip rate of the rear tires based on the weight of the car body and the road surface conditions before the ABS. If the difference level must be adjusted, the system will adjust The oil pressure is transmitted to the rear wheels to obtain a more balanced and more idealized braking force distribution. With the assistance of ABS and EBD, when we encounter an emergency situation and fully press down on the brake pedal, the vehicle can distribute braking force according to the situation under the control of the ECU to reduce wheel lock. However, for everyday cars, the brake link is only one of them. There is also a hidden danger in the process of driving. The R&D road for engineers has only just begun. 2 It's not enough just enough ■Just braking safety is not enough - ESC After ensuring the stability of the vehicle during acceleration and braking, people naturally hope that the vehicle can be in a controllable state during driving, and then the electronic stability program of the vehicle is born. Many people who mention this name are not unfamiliar, but you know that not all electronic stability programs for vehicles are called ESP. Thirty-three years ago in 1983, the engineers of Germany's famous parts supplier BOSCH began to optimize the ABS control function to increase the stability of the vehicle when braking. During the development process, Mercedes-Benz, the pride of the German automotive industry, joined the research project. In the end, Mercedes-Benz registered its trademark and authorized its development partner, Bosch, to enjoy the same rights of use. Since the three letters of ESP became registered trademarks, the products developed by other companies in the future have only to find its name. Today we refer to the electronic stability program as ESC. The ESC system passes a steering angle sensor (to monitor the steering wheel rotation angle to determine whether the car is driving in the right direction), a wheel speed sensor (to monitor the speed of each wheel to determine whether the wheel is slipping), and a yaw angle sensor (recording the motion of the car around the vertical axis. Determine if the car is out of control) and the lateral acceleration sensor (measure the centrifugal acceleration when cornering to determine if the car loses grip when cornering), etc. Collect vehicle status. After analyzing the information collected by the sensor, the ECU will issue a command to the control unit to establish and release the brake oil pressure of one or more wheels, and at the same time make precise adjustments to the engine torque, and in some cases even per The frequency of the second 150 reactions. The reason why such high-frequency movements are performed is to further precisely control the attitude of the vehicle body. After all, the state of the vehicle in motion is different every second, especially in the process of turning. How does TCS use traction on the blade? Similar to EBD and ESC, the tracking control system TCS is also based on the function of the ABS system. The ECU judges the steering intention of the driver through the steering wheel angle sensor, vehicle speed, and wheel speed sensors. Unlike ABS, it ultimately reduces tire slip by adjusting engine output. With the gradual increase of active safety systems, the proportion of relevant tests in the development process of new cars is gradually increasing. At this time, the strength of the adjustment team has become an important factor affecting the final product. Compared to several years ago, most of Chinese brands will be adjusted and tested to foreigners. In recent years, the role of the Chinese team in understanding the driving habits and road conditions of Chinese consumers has become increasingly important. Full text summary: From 1906, the world's first patent, to more than a century later, it became a mandatory installation standard. The road to ABS adoption has not been easy. Behind this, it is not unrelated to the development of related technologies in electronic control systems. At the same time, in the process of continuous development of technology, the adjustment work is also constantly improving. This process from scratch to optimization is also evidence of the progress of the R&D team. On the other hand, in order to ensure vehicle safety in the process of driving, people have also developed functions such as ESC and TCS. From the previous single function to covering a wider range of daily traffic nowadays, active safety systems are getting closer and closer to life-saving techniques. Of course, the ultimate weapon of driving safety at this stage is you as the subject of driving behavior.
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