Technical specifications for soil testing and formula fertilization (for trial implementation) 2
4 Fertilizer Effect Field Test 4.1 Purpose of the experiment Fertilizer effect Field experiment is the fundamental way to obtain the best fertilization amount, fertilizer proportion, fertilization period and fertilization method for various crops. It is also the basic link for screening and verification of soil nutrient testing methods and establishment of fertilization index system. Through field trials, the number of fertilizers optimized for different fertilizer application units in different crops, basis, top dressing distribution ratio, fertilization period and fertilization methods; find out the soil nutrient correction factor, soil fertility, different crop nutrient uptake and fertilizer utilization and other basic parameters Construct crop fertilization models to provide basis for fertilization partitions and fertilizer formulations. 4.2 Experimental design Fertilizer effect Field trial design depends on the purpose of the study. This technical specification recommends the use of "3414" scheme design. In the specific implementation process, the "3414" fully implemented scheme and some implementation schemes can be used according to the research purpose. 4.2.1 "3414" Full Implementation Scheme The "3414" program design absorbs the advantages of less regressive optimal design processing and high efficiency. It is currently the most widely used fertilizer effect field trial program at home and abroad. "3414" refers to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium three factors, four levels, and 14 treatments. The meaning of the 4 levels: 0 levels means no fertilization, 2 levels means local optimum fertilization, 1 level = 2 levels × 0.5, 3 levels = 2 levels × 1.5 (this level is the excess fertilization level). Table 4-1 "3414" Test Plan Treatment (Recommended) Test No. Treatment NPK 1 N0P0K0 0 0 0 2 N0P2K2 0 2 2 3 N1P2K2 1 2 2 4 N2P0K2 2 0 2 5 N2P1K2 2 1 2 6 N2P2K2 2 2 2 7 N2P3K2 2 3 2 8 N2P2K0 2 2 0 9 N2P2K1 2 2 1 10 N2P2K3 2 2 3 11 N3P2K2 3 2 2 12 N1P1K2 1 1 2 13 N1P2K1 1 2 1 14 N2P1K1 2 1 1 In addition to applying 14 processes, nitrogen is In addition to the fitting of the phosphorus and potassium ternary quadratic effect equations, any binary or one-dimensional effect equations for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can be fitted. For example, when fitting a nitrogen and phosphorus binary effect equation, the treatment 2-7, 11 and 12 can be selected, and the effect equation of nitrogen and phosphorus binary secondary fertilizer based on the K2 level can be obtained; 3, 6, and 11 can be used to determine the effect equation of nitrogen fertilizer based on the level of P2K2; selection of treatments 4, 5, 6 and 7 can be used to determine the effect equation of phosphate fertilizer based on the level of N2K2; optional treatment 6, 8, 9, 10 can be The potash effect equation based on N2P2 level was obtained. In addition, through processing 1, it is possible to obtain basic ground productivity, ie, blank area production. Its specific operation refers to the relevant experimental design and statistical technology manual. 4.2.2 Part of the "3414" implementation plan is to test the effect of one or two nutrients for N, P and K, or for other reasons it is impossible to implement the "3414" complete implementation plan. The relevant treatment can be selected in the "3414" plan. Part of the "3414" implementation plan. This not only maintains the integrity of the overall design of soil testing, fertilization, and field experiments, but also takes into account the characteristics of soil nutrients in different regions and the specific requirements of different test objectives to meet the needs of different levels. For example, in some regions, it is necessary to test the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus, and a nitrogen and phosphorus binary fertilizer effect test can be performed on the basis of K2 as a fertilizer base, but three repetitions should be set. The specific processing and its corresponding processing number with the "3414" plan are listed in the following table. Table 4-2 Nitrogen and phosphorus binary fertilizers experimental design and "3414" program treatment numbering correspondence table Treatment No. "3414" Scheme Treatment No. Processing NPK 1 1 N0P0K0 0 0 0 2 2 N0P2K2 0 2 2 3 3 N1P2K2 1 2 2 4 4 N2P0K2 2 0 2 5 5 N2P1K2 2 1 2 6 6 N2P2K2 2 2 2 7 7 N2P3K2 2 3 2 8 11 N3P2K2 3 2 2 9 12 N1P1K2 1 1 2 The above solution can also establish the nitrogen-phosphorus one-element effect equation. In the fertilizer experiment, in order to obtain parameters such as soil nutrient supply, crop nutrient absorption, soil nutrient abundance and other parameters, the experiment is generally designed as five treatments: no fertilizer (CK), NPK, and no Nitrogen (PK), non-phosphorus (NK), and potassium-free (NP). These five treatments are treatments 1, 2, 4, 8 and 6 in the "3414" full implementation, respectively. To obtain the effect of organic fertilizer, increase the organic fertilizer treatment area (M); test the effect of a certain (micro)element, and compare the addition of the (micro)element treatment on the basis of NPK . The test requires testing of soil nutrient and plant nutrient content, testing and production. In the design, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic fertilizers should be close to the maximum yield of fertilization calculated by the effect function or a reasonable amount recommended by other methods. Table 4-3 Normal 5 processing and "3414" protocol Numbering correspondence table "3414" Protocol processing No. Processing NPK No fertilizer area 1 N0P0K0 0 0 0 Nitrogen free area 2 N0P2K2 0 2 2 Non-phosphorus area 4 N2P0K2 2 0 2 Potassium-free District 8 N2P2K0 2 2 0 NPK 6 N2P2K2 2 2 2 4.3 Test implementation 4.3.1 Selection of Test Sites for Test Sites Land plots with flat, uniform, and different fertility levels and uniform and representative plots should be selected. Sloping land should be selected for gentle slopes and small differences in fertility; test sites should avoid roads, compost sites and other special plots. 4.3.2 Selection of test crop varieties Field trials should identify the crop varieties used, and generally should select the local main crop species or the species to be promoted. Guards and trials were conducted in the area; the plots were single-irrigated in a single row to avoid string-arrangement; soil samples were collected before the test. According to different test items, fresh or air-dried mixed soil samples were prepared separately. 4.3.4 Test duplication and community arrangement In order to ensure the accuracy of the test and reduce the influence of human factors, soil fertility and climatic factors, field trials generally set 3 to 4 repetitions (or blocks). With random block arrangement, the soil, topography and other conditions within the block should be relatively consistent, allowing differences between the blocks. Area of ​​the plot: The area of ​​field crops and open-air vegetable plots is generally 20 to 50 m2. Close-grained crops may be smaller, and the arable crops may be larger. The plot width, close-grained crops are not less than 3 m, and the cultivable crops are not less than 4 m. Facilities Vegetable crops are generally 20-30 m2, at least 5 rows or more. For the perennial fruit trees, the plots with small differences in soil fertility and single adult fruit trees with the same tree age, plant shape, and yield were selected and tested, and each treatment was not less than four. 4.3.5 Test records and tests are shown in Annex 1. Specific content and requirements: - Basic conditions of the test site, including: address information: name of the province, county, township, village, postal code, land plot, and farmer; location information: longitude, latitude, elevation; soil classification information: soil, sub-region Species, soil, soil species; soil information: soil texture (sand, loam, clay), soil thickness (>=60cm, 30-60cm, <30cm) and soil barriers (drought-tolerant, easy-to-use, salt damage , alkali damage). ——Soil soil nutrient tests at the test site: organic matter, total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH value, plant nitrogen diagnosis, and trace element determination when necessary. - Experimental meteorological factors: climate data such as air temperature, precipitation, sunshine and humidity for many years and the current year. - Fill in the previous (and second) fertilization cases and investigate the types and prices of fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, potash fertilizers, and organic fertilizers. - Production management information: irrigation, cultivator, etc. - Field surveys and monitoring - Fertility trait surveys: Due to differences in different crops, key reproductive indicators were selected to investigate key crop reproductive indicators. - Collecting plant samples at harvest, testing for crops, and economic yield tests can be performed with reference to the Fertilizer Effect Identification Field Test Technical Regulations (NY/T 497-2002). - Plant nutrient test: See Annex 10 for test methods. 4.4 Statistical Analysis of Tests The statistical analysis methods for routine tests and regression tests are given in: (1) Fertilizer effect identification field test technical regulations (NY/T 497-2002); (2) Related statistical methods and procedures in China Fertilizer Information Network 5. Sample collection and preparation 5.1 Soil sample collection Soil sample collection should be representative, and corresponding sampling and treatment methods should be used according to different analysis items. 5.1.1 Sampling Unit Before sampling, it is necessary to understand in detail the factors such as soil type, fertility level, and topography in the sampling area. The area for soil testing and formulating fertilization is divided into a number of sampling units. The soil of each sampling unit should be as uniform as possible. The average sampling unit is 100 mu (a mixed sample for every 100 to 500 mu in plain areas and field crops, and a mixed sample for every 30 to 80 mu for hilly land and horticultural crops in Daejeon). To facilitate field demonstration tracking and fertilization zoning needs, sampling is concentrated in a typical plot located at the relatively center of each sampling unit, with an area of ​​1 to 10 acres. 5.1.2 Sampling time is collected after the crop is harvested or before sowing and fertilization, usually after autumn; the orchard is collected before the first fertilization after the fruit is picked. When nitrogen fertilization is recommended, it should be before topdressing or during the critical period of crop growth. 5.1.3 Sampling period In the same sampling unit, inorganic nitrogen is collected once every season or every year, or nitrogen nutrients are rapidly diagnosed; soil available phosphorus, available potassium for 2 to 3 years, medium and trace elements for 3 to 5 years, collected once . 5.1.4 Sampling point location The sampling point refers to the county soil map and uses GPS positioning to record latitude and longitude to the nearest 0.1′′.
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5.1.5 sampling depth sampling depth is generally 0 ~ 20cm, orchard is 0 ~ 40cm. Soil nitrate nitrogen or inorganic nitrogen content determination, sampling depth should be determined according to the distribution of the depth of the main roots of different crops, different growth stages.
5.1.6 The number of sampling points shall ensure sufficient sampling points so that they can represent the soil characteristics of the sampling unit. The number of sampling points for each sample depends on the size of the sampling unit and the consistency of soil fertility. Generally, 7-20 points are appropriate.
5.1.7 Sampling Routes Sampling should be carried out along certain lines following the principles of “randomâ€, “equalâ€, and “multi-point mixingâ€. S-shaped sampling is generally used to overcome the errors caused by farming and fertilization. In the case of small topographic changes, relatively uniform ground forces, and small sample cell area, plum-shaped spot sampling can also be used to avoid special parts such as roadsides, field ridges, trenches, and fertilizer heaps.
5.1.8 Sampling method The sampling depth and sampling depth of each sampling point should be uniform, and the ratio of upper and lower soil samples should be the same. The sampler should be earthed perpendicular to the ground and have the same depth. Sampling with a soil digging shovel should first spade a section of the plough layer and then parallel the soil under the section to take the soil. Samples for the determination of trace elements must be sampled with a stainless steel earth boring device.
5.1.9 Sample volume A mixed soil sample is suitable for taking 1 kilogram of soil (0.5 kilograms for recommended fertilization and 2 kilograms for the test). If the quantity of a mixed sample is too large, the excess can be quarantined. Discard the soil. The method is to place the collected soil samples on a plate or plastic sheet, crumble, mix and spread into squares, diagonally divide the soil sample into four parts, and merge the two diagonal parts into one part and keep them. One, discard one. If the resulting sample is still large, it can be treated by quartering until the required amount.
5.1.10 Sample Markers The collected samples are placed in a uniform sample bag and the labels are written in pencil, one inside and outside. Sample label styles are shown in Annex 2.
5.2 Soil Sample Preparation
5.2.1 Fresh samples Some soil components such as ferrous iron, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, etc., will change significantly during the air drying process and must be analyzed with fresh samples. In order to truly reflect some of the physicochemical properties of the soil in its natural state in the field, fresh samples should be sent back to the room for processing analysis. The samples should be quickly weighed and sampled after mixing with coarse glass rods or plastic rods. Fresh samples are generally not suitable for storage. If temporary storage is required, fresh samples can be packed in plastic bags, tightly packed in bags, placed in the freezer or kept frozen.
5.2.2 Dried soil sample The soil sample taken from the field should be placed on the sample pan in time, spread into a thin layer, placed in a clean and tidy indoor ventilated place to dry naturally, no sun exposure, and pay attention to prevent acid, alkali and other gases And dust pollution. During the air-drying process, the soil sample should be frequently turned and the large clay blocks should be crushed to accelerate drying, and intrusions outside the soil should be removed. After drying, the soil samples were sifted according to different analysis requirements, mixed thoroughly, and placed in a sample bottle for later use. Inside and outside the bottle, one label is placed, indicating the number, sampling location, soil name, sampling depth, sample particle size, sampling date, sampling person and sample preparation time, sample preparation and other items. The prepared sample should be properly stored to avoid the sun, high temperature, humidity and acid-alkali gas pollution. After the completion of all analysis work, after the analysis of the data is correct, the sample will generally be kept for three months to one year in preparation for enquiries. A few valuable samples that need long-term preservation must be stored in a wide-mouth bottle and sealed with wax.
5.2.2.1 General Chemical Analysis Specimens The air-dried samples are tiled on the sample plate and rolled with wooden sticks or plastic sticks, and the invading bodies and fresh bodies such as plant residues and stones are removed and cleaned. Plant fibrous roots can be removed by electrostatic adsorption. Crushed soil samples were all passed through a 2 mm aperture sieve. Unscreened soil particles must be re-milled until all samples pass through a 2 mm pore size screen. Soil samples over a 2 mm aperture sieve are available for pH, salt, exchange performance, and effective nutrient measurements. The soil samples passed through a 2 mm aperture sieve were removed by quartering and continued milling. The sieves were all passed through a 0.25 mm aperture sieve for determination of organic matter, total nitrogen, and calcium carbonate.
5.2.2.3 Particle Analysis Specimens The ground soil samples were repeatedly crushed and passed through a 2 mm aperture sieve. The gravel left on the sieve is weighed and preserved, and the sieved soil is weighed to calculate the mass percentage of the gravel. The soil sample is then mixed and put in a jar for particle analysis and other physical properties. Determination. If iron and manganese nodules, lime nodules, iron or semi-weathered bodies are found in the soil, they cannot be crushed with wooden sticks and should be carefully weighed and preserved.
5.3 Collection and preparation of plant samples
5.3.1 Sampling requirements The reliability of the analysis of plant samples is affected by the number of samples, the method of collection, and the location of the analysis. Therefore, the sampling should have: - Representativeness: The collected samples can meet the population conditions, and the sampling volume is generally 1 kg. - Typicality: The sampled part can reflect the situation to be understood. - Timeliness: According to the purpose of the study, regular sampling will be conducted at different stages of growth and development. -- Grain crops generally harvest the seed parts and straw before harvesting after ripening; in the event of an accidental accident, whole plant samples are collected in the field; fruit and other plant samples are sampled according to the purpose of the study.
5.3.2 Pre-sampling Preparation Select samples with sampling experience, specify sampling methods and methods, and be familiar with the sampling area's agricultural environment. The technicians are responsible for sampling. At the same time, topographic maps, soil distribution maps, pollution source distribution maps, and grain should be prepared. Crop distribution maps, traffic administrative drawings, etc., prepare sampling tools, sampling bags (bags, paper bags, or plastic bags), sampling records, etc. Conduct field trips to investigate various environmental factors and verify reasonable distribution. Find problems and immediately correct and draw sample plots to develop a sampling plan.
5.3.3 Sample Collection
5.3.3.1 Food crops Due to the uneven growth of food crops, multi-point sampling is generally used to avoid the 2m edge of the field and to sample in the quincunx shape (suitable for small sample cell area) or "S" sampling method. Samples taken from 10 samples in the sampling area form a mixed sample. The sampling amount is determined according to the test items. Seed samples are generally about 1kg and are loaded into paper bags or cloth bags. To collect complete plant samples, you can use a little more, about 2 kg, and wrap them with plastic paper.
5.3.3.2 When samples of fruit are sampled in a flat orchard, they may be sampled using a diagonal line method. A diagonal line is drawn from one corner of the sampling area to the other, and sampling points are set on the line at equal distances. Area area, terrain and detection purposes are determined. Orchards in the mountains should be distributed evenly according to different altitudes. The sampling points should not be less than 10 in general. For trees with larger tree types, sampling should be carried out in the upper, middle, lower, inner, and outer parts of the fruit tree and fruit picking position (southeast and northwest). The fruit picked at each point will be fully mixed, and then divided according to the quartering method. According to the requirements of the inspection item, the required number of copies will be obtained. About 1kg will be placed in each bag, and the labels will be placed in the bag and the bag will be tightly closed. When picking fruit samples, pay attention to the age, growth, and fruit load.
5.3.3.3 Vegetable Samples There are many varieties of vegetables, which can be broadly divided into three categories: leafy vegetables, root vegetables, and fruits. Samples can be determined as needed. Samples can be taken diagonally or “S†shaped at the vegetable plots. The sample point should not be less than 10 samples. The sample size should be determined according to the individual sample size. Generally, the sample size at each point is not less than 1 kg. Samples of vegetables collected from multiple points are diced according to the quartile method. Individual large samples, such as Chinese cabbage, can be cut into four or eight parts vertically and symmetrically. Take 3 parts, each about 1kg, respectively, into a plastic bag, paste the label, tie the bag mouth. If you need to use fresh samples for the determination, it is best to dig out the roots with soil when sampling, and use a damp cloth or plastic bag to prevent wilting. When collecting the root samples, the integrity of the root system should be maintained as much as possible during shaking off the soil or during the washing of the soil. Market sampling can be done with reference to market fruit sampling.
5.3.3.4 Label Content Sampling number, sampling location, sample name, crop variety, soil name (or local common name), parent material, topography, topography, cropping system, crop yield and yield, fertilizer and pesticide application, irrigation water source, sampling Point location map. Fruit trees need to record the age, growth, and fruit load.
5.3.4 Processing and preservation of plant samples Samples of dried grain shall be promptly dried and threshed, mixed thoroughly and then divided by quartering method to the required amount. When you need to wash, pay attention to the time should not be too long and dry in time. In order to prevent deterioration of the sample, insect bites need regular air-drying treatment. Using tools and sieves that do not contaminate the sample, the rice was husked to make brown rice. The brown rice, wheat kernels, and corn kernels were actually crushed, and the sample to be tested was sieved through a 0.5 mm sieve. When measuring the content of heavy metal elements, do not use metal instruments or steel grinders, metal sieves, etc. Bamboo, wood and stone, porcelain, and plastic products are recommended. The complete plant sample is washed first. According to the differences in the biological characteristics of different pollutants and food crops, plant parts that can reflect the characteristics are used to cut the sample with a tool that does not contaminate the test element, and the mixture is fully mixed and divided into quarters. The required amount is made into fresh samples or crushed after drying in an oven at 60°C. Samples of fresh fruits, vegetables, tobacco leaves and tea collected in the field (or market) should be stored in the refrigerator temporarily if they cannot be analyzed immediately.
