The most comprehensive emergency treatment for chemical laboratory accidents
Chemical experiments should always be exposed to various chemical reagents. In some experiments, some harmful substances are continuously produced, and many dangers are encountered during operation. Accidents in the experiment not only damage personal health, but also endanger people around, and even make the country Property suffered losses and normal work was affected. Therefore, chemical laboratory safety issues should be taken seriously by every chemical experimenter. At the same time, we should also master certain accident handling methods, and in case of accidents, we can deal with common accidents in the laboratory in time. Emergency treatment of chemical poisoning 1. General emergency treatment method Chemical poisoning, according to the toxicity characteristics of chemical drugs and the degree of poisoning, take appropriate measures, and promptly sent to hospital for treatment. (1) Treatment method during inhalation The poisoned person should be transferred to the outside, the collar and buttons should be released, and the patient should take a deep breath and artificial respiration if necessary. After the breathing has improved, he will be sent to the hospital for treatment. (2) Treatment method when swallowing medicine 1 In order to reduce the concentration of drugs in the gastric juice, delay the rate of absorption of the poison by the body and protect the gastric mucosa, you can eat the following foods: milk, eggs, flour, starch, mashed potatoes and water. It is also possible to add 50 g of activated carbon to 500 ml of distilled water. Add 400 ml of distilled water before use, shake it thoroughly, and then give the patient a small amount of swallow. Generally 10g ~ 15g activated carbon can absorb 1g of poison. 2 vomiting. Rub the patient's throat or tongue with the handle of a finger or spoon to vomit. If you can't induce vomiting by the above method, add 15mL of ipecac syrup (one of the emetics) to the glass of water, or dissolve one teaspoon of salt in 80ml of hot water. However, when consuming a corrosive drug such as acid or alkali or a hydrocarbon liquid, do not induce vomiting because it is easy to form a gastric perforation or if the food in the stomach is dangerous to be discharged into the trachea. ③ swallow universal antidote (2 parts of active carbon, 1 part of magnesium oxide and 1 part of a mixture of tannic acid). When using, take 2 to 3 teaspoons of this medicine, add a glass of water, and adjust to a paste to swallow. (3) After the medicine is splashed into the mouth, it should be spit out immediately and rinsed with plenty of water. Emergency treatment methods for common chemical poisoning (1) Strong acid (fatal dose 1ml) After swallowing acid, magnesium immediately 200ml serving suspension, or aluminum hydroxide gel, milk and water, quickly diluted poison. Then at least a dozen more eggs are used as a moderator. Since the sodium carbonate or bicarbonate will produce large amounts of carbon dioxide gas, it is not used. (2) strong base (fatal dose 1g) After swallowing the strong base, immediately observe with the esophagus, wash the affected area directly with neutral 1% acetic acid solution. Then quickly take 500ml of dilute vinegar (1 part vinegar, add 4 parts of water) or dilute it with fresh orange juice. (3) Ammonia The patient should be immediately transferred to a place where the outdoor air is fresh and then oxygen is delivered. When ammonia gas into the eye, the patient lying down, the cornea was washed with water after 5 ~ 8min, washed with dilute acetic acid or dilute boric acid solution. (4) Halogen gas The patient should be immediately transferred to a place where the outdoor air is fresh and kept quiet. When inhaling chlorine, give the patient a 1:1 mixture of ether and ethanol. When inhaling bromine vapor, the patient should be given a scent of ammonia. (5) sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide gas The patient should be immediately transferred to a place where the outdoor air is fresh and kept quiet. When the medicine enters the eye, rinse with plenty of water and wash the throat with water. (6) Mercury (fatal dose 70mg HgCl2) After swallowing, the stomach should be washed immediately, or raw egg white, milk and activated carbon can be used as a precipitant; 50% magnesium sulfate for catharsis. Commonly used mercury antidote agents are dimercaptopropanol and sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate. (7) 钡 (fatal dose 1g) Dissolve 30 g of sodium sulfate in 200 ml of water and take it to the patient. It can also be injected into the stomach with a gastric lavage catheter. (8) Silver nitrate Dissolve 3 to 4 teaspoons of salt in a glass of water and give it to the patient. Then take an emetic, or lavage, or drink milk for the patient. Next, 30 g of magnesium sulfate was swallowed with a large amount of water. (9) Copper sulfate The 0.1 ~ 0.3g alkylene potassium ferricyanide was dissolved in 1 cup water, administered to the patient. You can also drink a proper amount of soapy water or sodium carbonate solution. (10) Cyanide (fatal dose 0.05g) Immediately after inhalation of cyanide, the patient should be transferred to a place where the outdoor air is fresh and placed on the side. Then take off the cyanide-coated clothes and take artificial respiration immediately. After swallowing cyanide, the patient should also be transferred to a place with fresh air, and rub the root of the patient's tongue with a finger or a spoon handle to make it vomit immediately. Never wait until the gastric lavage tool arrives. Because the patient is in danger of dying within a few minutes. In any case, deal with it immediately. The patient was inhaled with isoamyl nitrite for 15 to 30 s every 2 minutes. Thus, the cyano group combines with methemoglobin to form a non-toxic cyanide methemoglobin. The patient is then given a thiosulfate solution to dissociate cyanide methemoglobin and form thiocyanate. (11) Hydrocarbon compounds (fatal dose 10 to 50 ml) Transfer the patient to a place where the outdoor air is fresh. If the vomit enters the respiratory tract, a serious dangerous accident can occur. Therefore, unless the patient consumes more than 1 ml of hydrocarbon compound per kilogram of body weight, try to avoid gastric lavage or use an emetic. (12) methanol (fatal dose 30 ~ 60ml) The stomach can be fully washed with 1% to 2% sodium bicarbonate solution. The patient is then transferred to a dark room to control the binding capacity of carbon dioxide. To prevent acidosis, swallow 5 to 15 g of sodium bicarbonate every 2 to 3 hours. At the same time, in order to prevent methanol metabolism, 50% ethanol solution was orally administered in an amount of 0.5 ml per kilogram of body weight per 2 hours in 3 to 4 days. (13) Ethanol (fatal dose 300ml) The stomach is first washed with tap water to remove unabsorbed ethanol. Then swallow 4g of sodium bicarbonate bit by bit. (14) Phenolic compounds (fatal dose 2g) After taking the phenolic compound, the patient should be immediately given tap water, milk or swallowed activated carbon to slow the absorption of the poison. Then you should repeat gastric lavage or induce vomiting. Oral 60 ml of castor oil and sodium sulfate solution (30 g of sodium sulfate in 200 ml of water). Never take mineral oil or gastric lavage with alcohol. (15) Acetaldehyde (fatal dose 5g) and acetone The drug in the stomach can be removed by gastric lavage or by taking an emetic. You should take laxatives later. If breathing is difficult, the patient should be given oxygen. Acetone generally does not cause serious poisoning. (16) oxalic acid (fatal dose 4g) The following solutions should be given to the patient to form calcium oxalate precipitate: 1 dissolve 30g of calcium butyrate or other calcium salt solution in 200ml of water; 2 can drink a lot of milk, or drink milk protein dissolved in milk, from Analgesic effect. (17) Chlorinated hydrocarbons After ingesting the chlorinated hydrocarbons, the stomach was washed with tap water, and then the sodium sulfate solution was taken (30 g of sodium sulfate was dissolved in 200 ml of water). Never drink stimulants like coffee. After inhaling chloroform, the patient's head should be lowered to allow the patient to stick out the tongue and keep the airway open. (18) aniline (fatal dose 1g) If aniline gets on your skin, use soap and water to scrub off the dirt. If swallowed, the stomach should be washed first, then the laxative should be taken. (19) Trinitrotoluene (fatal dose 1g) When applying to the skin, apply soap and water to scrub the dirt as much as possible. If swallowed, first gastric lavage or emetic should be used to induce vomiting. After most of the trinitrotoluene is excreted, take laxatives. (20) Formaldehyde (fatal dose 60ml) After swallowing formaldehyde, you should take a large amount of milk immediately, and then treat it with gastric lavage or vomiting. The formaldehyde to be swallowed is excreted, and then laxatives are taken. If possible, take 1% aqueous ammonium carbonate solution. (21) Carbon disulfide After swallowing carbon disulfide, first gastric lavage or emetic should be used to induce vomiting, and the patient should lie down and keep warm and keep well ventilated. (22) Carbon monoxide (fatal dose 1g) The extinguishing source should be extinguished first. The patient is transferred to a place where the outdoor air is fresh, allowing the patient to lie down and keep warm. In order for the patient to minimize the consumption of oxygen, the patient must be kept quiet. If vomiting, remove the vomit in time to ensure that the airway is unobstructed and oxygen is required. Emergency treatment of chemical burns When a chemical burns, take appropriate measures according to the nature of the drug and the degree of burn. 1. If the reagent enters the eye, do not rub it by hand. Use a rag to wipe off the reagent splashed out of the eye and rinse with water. If it is an alkaline reagent, it should be washed with saturated boric acid solution or 1% acetic acid solution; if it is an acidic reagent, it should be washed with dilute sodium bicarbonate solution and then a little castor oil. If the above solution is not found at the moment and the situation is critical, it can be washed with a large amount of distilled water or tap water, and then sent to hospital for treatment. 2. When the skin is burned by strong acid, first wash it with plenty of water for 10~15min to prevent the burn area from further expanding, and then wash it with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution or soapy liquid. However, when the skin is burned by oxalic acid, it is not advisable to use a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution for neutralization. This is because sodium bicarbonate is more alkaline and can cause irritation. Neutralization should be carried out using magnesium or calcium salts. 3. When the skin is burnt by strong alkali, rinse with water as soon as possible until the skin does not slip. It is neutralized with dilute acetic acid or lemon juice. However, when the skin is burned by lime, the lime is first removed with a grease and then rinsed with water. 4. When the skin is burned by liquid bromine, rinse immediately with 2% sodium thiosulfate solution until the wound is white; or rinse with alcohol and then apply glycerin. When the eyes are not stimulated by bromine vapor, they can look into the bottle holding the alcohol for a while. 5. When the skin is burned by phenolic compounds, it should be washed with alcohol and then with glycerin. Emergency treatment of fire and explosion When the laboratory is on fire or explosion, immediately cut off the power supply, open the window, extinguish the fire extinguishing source, remove the flammable materials that have not been burned, and use different methods to extinguish the fire according to the cause of fire or explosion and report it in time. 1. Fire fighting method (1) The ground or the test bench is on fire. If the fire is not strong, it can be extinguished with a wet rag or sand. (2) The inside of the Reactor is on fire, and the bottle can be covered with a fire blanket or a wet rag to extinguish the fire. (3) Organic solvents and oils and substances are on fire. When the fire is small, use a wet rag or sand to extinguish, or sprinkle with dry sodium bicarbonate powder to extinguish the fire. When the fire is high, use a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, foam fire extinguisher or carbon tetrachloride fire extinguisher. put out. (4) Electric fire, immediately cut off the power supply, use a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher or carbon tetrachloride fire extinguisher (carbon tetrachloride vapor is toxic, should be used in the case of air circulation). (5) If the clothes are on fire, do not run. They should be quickly undressed and drained with water. If the fire is too strong, they should be placed on the ground to extinguish the fire. 2, emergency treatment of burns Different methods should be used to treat according to the degree of burns. In China, the depth of burns was graded according to the "three-degree four-level method": 1 degree burns: injury to the epidermis; clinical erythema, no blister, burning pain; healing within 1 week. 2 shallow second degree burns: injured the shallow layer of the dermis, part of the germinal layer is alive. There are blisters, blister base flushing, severe pain, healing within 2 weeks, no scar after healing, may have pigmentation or loss. 3 deep second degree burns: the deep layer of the dermis, the skin attachments are alive. Clinically, there are blisters, and the blister base is red and white, with painful dullness, healing in 3 to 4 weeks, and scarring after healing. 4 III degree burn characteristics: injury to the full layer of skin, and even subcutaneous tissue, muscle, bone. No blister, eschar, dendritic embolization of blood vessels, no pain, can not self-heal. Basic principles of first aid in burns: (1) quickly get rid of the source of injury. Quickly remove the burning clothes or use water to water or lie down and roll to extinguish the flame. Do not run and shout, in order to prevent head and face, respiratory damage. (2) Immediate cold therapy. Cold therapy is rinsed, soaked or wetted with cold water. In order to prevent pain and damage to cells, cold therapy should be used quickly after burns. It has a good effect within 6h. The temperature of the cooling water should be controlled at 10 to 15 °C, and the cooling time should be at least 0.5 to 2 hours. For inconveniently washed face and torso, use 2 to 3 towels with tap water, apply borneol, apply it on the burn surface, and move the towel frequently to prevent the same part from being too cold. If the patient has pain in the mouth, it is delicious with ice. (3) Protect the wound. On-site burn wounds do not require special treatment. Keep the blister integrity as much as possible, don't tear off the rot, and simply pack it with a clean sheet. Do not apply color drugs and other substances, such as gentian violet, red mercury, soy sauce, etc., do not apply plasters such as toothpaste, so as not to affect the judgment and treatment of wound depth. (4) Static pain in the town. Minimize the application of sedative pain medicine. For those who are sensitive to pain, they can be injected subcutaneously with drugs such as dulantin and promethazine. If the injured person continues to be restless, they should consider whether there is shock. Do not blindly use sedatives. (5) Liquid therapy. When the burn area reaches a certain level, the patient may have shock. If the injured person has early shock symptoms of thirst and water, a small amount of light salt water can be used. Generally, oral administration should not exceed 50 ml. Do not let the injured drink plenty of boiled water or sugar to prevent stomach dilatation or cerebral edema. Deep shock requires intravenous fluid replacement. Intravenous infusion of isotonic saline, balanced liquid-based crystals, according to conditions can complement the right, plasma and other colloids. Usually crystals and colloids are preferably 1:1 or 2:1. At the same time, you can add some 5% to 10% glucose solution, avoid a large amount of glucose infusion alone, especially in patients with serious conditions requiring long-distance transfer. (6) Transfer treatment. In principle, it is close to first aid. In case of critically ill patients, local unconditional treatment should be promptly transferred to a hospital with good conditions. There are several aspects to be aware of during the transfer process: 1 Ensure infusion and reduce the possibility of shock. 2 Keep the airway open. In patients with inhalation injury, the head needs to be raised slightly, the tracheal intubation is moderately required, and the tracheotomy is severely required. 3 Indwell the catheter and observe the amount of urine. Adults are best guaranteed 80 ~ 100ml / h; children 1ml / h. kg body weight. 4 Pay attention to the simple dressing of the wound. 5 Pay attention to the preliminary treatment of the composite injury. 6 Pay attention to the patient's warmth. 7 Try to reduce bumps during transportation and reduce the possibility of shock. Emergency treatment of burns In case of burns, if the injury is light, apply bitter acid or burn ointment; if the injury is heavier, do not apply oily drugs such as burnt ointment, sprinkle with pure sodium bicarbonate powder, and immediately send it to hospital for treatment. Emergency treatment of glass cuts The most common trauma in chemical laboratories is caused by the breakage of glass instruments or glass tubes. As an emergency treatment, blood should be stopped first to prevent shock caused by massive bleeding. In principle, the injury site can be directly compressed to stop bleeding. Even if the artery is damaged, it can be stopped by directly pressing the injury site with a finger or gauze. In the case of trauma caused by a glass piece or tube, it is first necessary to check the presence or absence of shards of glass in the wound to prevent the cullet from being pressed deep when the pressure is stopped. If fragments, glass fragments should be removed with tweezers, and then sterilized cotton hydrogen peroxide and a boric acid solution or washing the wound, and then coated or iodine mercurochrome wine (both are not used) and wrapped. If the wound is too deep and bleeding, it can be tightened with gauze about 10cm above the wound, pressed to stop bleeding, and immediately sent to hospital for treatment. Agitated Nutsche Filter,Stainless Steel Mixer Machine,Stirring Nutsche Filter,Filtering And Washing Equipment Wuxi Zhanghua Pharmaceutical Equipment Co. Ltd , https://www.wx-zhanghua.com