Relationship between Winter Freezing Injury, Late Lodging and Varieties in Wheat and Its Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Techniques 3
3 Prevention measures of spring freezing damage and late lodging in wheat 3.1 Prevention of Winter Freezing Damage in Wheat In 2007, the cause of serious winter frost damage in wheat in Jining City was that some wheat fields prospered in winter and spring, leading to ear differentiation and growth period, which reduced the anti-freezing ability of wheat. Therefore, preventing wheat from becoming prosperous before winter and spring is the main goal and task of preventing and alleviating wheat spring freezing injury. To this end, it is necessary to implement a defensive strategy and adopt comprehensive measures to prevent the prosperous wheat before winter and spring. 3.1.1 Reasonable use of species Pre-winter planting in southwestern Shandong should use winter or semiwinter semi-winter varieties such as Jimai 20, Jimai 21, Jimai 19, Yannong 19, Yannong 23, Yannong 24, Wennong 5, Heima l, Mountain Nong 8355, Shannong 12 and so on; sowing should be selected before winter frost to sow, such as Jimai 22, Taishan 9818, Liangxing 99, Linmai 4, Shannong 14, Shannong 15, Jinong 6, Black horse 2, Taimai 1, Taishan 24, Jining 12, Taishan 22, Linmai 22, Buckwheat 12, Buckwheat 8, Taishan 23, Shannong 664, Liao 6172, Taishan 21, etc.; Spring half-winter breeds such as Jining No. 16, Jining No. 17, Shannong No. 11 and Fengchuan No. 6, Yannong 22, Shannong 1135, Shannong Youmai No. 2 and so on. At the same time, seed managers should seek truth from facts about the promotion of varieties, and it is necessary to increase risk warnings and establish early warning and after-sales service systems. For semi-winter semi-wintering cultivars, when introducing high yield, disease resistance and strong lodging resistance, special emphasis should be placed on proper sowing. It should be noted that early sowing would lead to prolonged winter and spring, severe cold injury, and reduced yields. Contents, etc., in order to arouse the attention of the broad masses of peasants, so that the use of appropriate varieties of appropriate sowing, reduce the risk of frost damage. 3.1.2 Properly delayed sowing Due to the warming of climate, the variety of semi-winter species increased, and strategic adjustments were made to the cultivation time of autumn crops. The normal year of southwest Shandong Province postponed the opening time to National Day, even on October 5 and October 10-15. The formation of a sow stream was delayed by about 10 days from the original opening time, and the old habit of planting before the National Day was completely overcame. 3.1.3 Overcoming the "Three Big" Habits Over the years, some rural and peasant households in Jining City have looted and planted on the management of wheat cultivation, and have practiced large-scale fertilizers, large-scale flooding, and large-scale planting. Every year, 27,000 to 53,000 hectares of wheat are planted before October 1, and the seeding rate is Achieved 105 ~ 120kg/hm2, and some even reached more than 150kg/hm2, most of the high-yielding field base urea reached 300 ~ 450kg/hm2, and a large number of fertilization in early spring watering, aggravated the pre-winter and early spring wheat prosperous degree. Therefore, based on the full implementation of the appropriate late sowing, we should also do precise seeding, reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizer, not too early in the early spring, but not top-dressing watering, the implementation of nitrogen fertilizer transfer fertilizer technology, through the control of the group starting point and the development of the group , Cultivate strong seedlings, control the process of prosperous growth and panicle differentiation, and increase the ability of wheat to withstand winter and spring freezing damage. 3.1.4 Control and strengthen For prosperous wheat fields before winter and early spring, two or one chemical control can be performed before and during the pre-winter period, respectively, to promote strong growth and enhance frost resistance of wheat. At present, chemical control products with more application and better results include "Zhuangfengan" and "Maifeng", and 20% of Zhuangfeng'an EC 450-600mL/hm2 plus 450kg/hm2 of water. The effect is good after spraying. 3.1.5 Watering Before Frost Watering wheat fields before frost is currently an effective anti-frost measure because watering can both slow down the temperature and increase the cold resistance of wheat. According to Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, watering 1~2d before freezing can increase the ground temperature of wheat field by 2~4°C and increase the temperature of wheat leaf surface by 1~2°C. Therefore, in the period from turning green to booting, we must pay close attention to changes in soil moisture, especially in early spring watering in a timely manner to keep the soil moist, in order to effectively prevent spring frost damage. 3.2 Prevention of late lodging in wheat 3.2.1 selection of fertility and lodging resistance These varieties have the following obvious characteristics: First, the short internodes of the stem base have strong resistance to lodging; Second, the diameter of the stem is larger, the stem wall is thicker, and it is generally not easy to bend and break; Third, the resistance of the stem is certain. The pressure is strong, and the ability to resist crushing is strong. Fourthly, the stalk is bent by hand, and the rebound of the stalk is fast and the elasticity is good. Fifth, the degree of lodging is lower when the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is large. At present, the main push varieties of wheat in Jining City with strong lodging resistance are: Taishan 9818, Shannong 8355, Linmai 2, Duofeng 2000, Jimai 22, Liangxing 99, Taishan 23, Heima 1, Haomai 8. Mai 12, Jinon 6 and so on. 3.2.2 Application of Controlled Cultivation Technology Wheat lodging is one of the biggest obstacles to achieving high yield, stable yield, high quality and high efficiency of wheat. Preventing lodging is not a problem that can be solved by a single measure. In order to effectively prevent and reduce the lodging of wheat, in addition to selecting varieties with strong lodging resistance, it should be applied. Comprehensive technology to control the defense. Comprehensive technologies mainly include the appropriate postponement of the sowing date, rational determination of basic seedlings based on the strength of the tillers of the varieties and the percentage of spikes, and the use of base fertilizers to stabilize phosphorus and potassium and to reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizers applied, and to implement spring nitrogen fertilizers to shift fertilizers. For the pre-winter and early-spring groups, large-scale and prosperous plots are subject to deep-rooted cutting and control measures. Through comprehensive techniques to improve the population light conditions, increase the carbohydrate content of plants, and enhance the lodging resistance of stalks. 3.2.3 Spreading wheat cultivation techniques Studies have shown that the traditional cultivation of wheat ridge cultivation flood irrigation into the ditch irrigation, not only save water more than 30%, but also reduce the humidity in the field, significantly inhibited common diseases wheat powdery mildew and wheat sheath blight, and make The shortening of the internodes of the wheat base and the reduction of plant height increased the lodging resistance of wheat, improved wheat yield, and improved quality. Therefore, wheat irrigated wheat fields in drylands should actively promote wheat ridge cultivation techniques, which is one of the effective ways to prevent the lodging of wheat. 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